Digital Forensics-I
Career Paths and Professional Certifications
The digital forensics field offers diverse career opportunities across multiple sectors, each requiring specific skill sets and certifications to ensure competency and credibility.
Primary Career Paths
Evidence Integrity Fundamentals
Before exploring specific career paths, it's crucial to understand that all digital forensics professionals must master evidence integrity principles regardless of their chosen specialization. The credibility of any forensic investigation depends entirely on maintaining an unbroken chain of custody and ensuring that digital evidence remains unaltered throughout the investigative process.
Core Integrity Requirements
Implement comprehensive documentation from initial seizure through final analysis
Utilize validated forensic tools and methodologies that meet legal standards
Maintain detailed logs of all personnel who access evidence and the specific actions performed
Follow standardized procedures that can withstand scrutiny in legal proceedings
Quality Assurance Measures
Regular proficiency testing for forensic examiners to ensure consistent competency
Peer review processes for complex cases or when testimony will be required
Laboratory accreditation through recognized bodies such as ASCLD/LAB
Continuous monitoring of forensic software and hardware for reliability and accuracy
These foundational practices apply across all career paths in digital forensics, from law enforcement investigations to corporate incident response.
Law Enforcement Digital Forensics Examiner
Work with police departments, FBI, or other agencies investigating cybercrimes
Analyze digital evidence from criminal cases including fraud, child exploitation, and cybersecurity incidents
Testify as expert witnesses in court proceedings
Corporate Digital Forensics Analyst
Conduct internal investigations for data breaches, intellectual property theft, and employee misconduct
Support incident response teams during security events
Perform forensic analysis for litigation support and regulatory compliance
Consultant/Private Practice
Provide forensic services to law firms, corporations, and government agencies
Specialize in specific areas such as mobile device forensics or network intrusion analysis
Offer expert witness testimony and case consultation services
Essential Professional Certifications
Entry-Level Certifications
GCFA (GIAC Certified Forensic Analyst) - Comprehensive foundation in digital forensics methodology
CCE (Certified Computer Examiner) - Vendor-neutral certification covering core forensic principles
GCFE (GIAC Certified Forensic Examiner) - Focus on Windows-based forensic analysis
Advanced Certifications
CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional) - Broad cybersecurity knowledge applicable to forensics
CISA (Certified Information Systems Auditor) - Valuable for compliance-focused forensic work
EnCE (EnCase Certified Examiner) - Specialized certification for EnCase forensic software
Specialized Certifications
GCIH (GIAC Certified Incident Handler) - Essential for incident response roles
GMOB (GIAC Mobile Device Security Analyst) - Mobile forensics specialization
GNFA (GIAC Network Forensic Analyst) - Network-based forensic investigations
Educational Requirements and Career Development
Most positions require a bachelor's degree in computer science, cybersecurity, criminal justice, or related field. Many professionals also pursue advanced degrees or specialized training programs. Continuous learning is essential due to rapidly evolving technology and forensic techniques.
Evidence Integrity Best Practices
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Establish proper documentation protocols before beginning any investigation
Ensure all forensic tools and equipment are properly calibrated and validated
Create standardized forms for evidence tracking and chain of custody documentation
Verify that investigation personnel have appropriate training and certification
During Evidence Collection
Use write-blocking devices to prevent any modification of original storage media
Create bit-for-bit forensic images rather than logical copies to preserve all data including deleted files and slack space
Generate cryptographic hash values (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) of original evidence and forensic copies to verify integrity
Document the physical condition of devices, including serial numbers, make, model, and any visible damage
Photograph evidence in situ before collection when possible
Storage and Handling Protocols
Maintain separate storage for originals and working copies
Implement access controls to limit who can handle evidence
Use tamper-evident seals and containers to detect unauthorized access
Store original evidence in anti-static bags within secure, climate-controlled environments
Regular verification of hash values to ensure continued integrity
Documentation Requirements
Record detailed timestamps for all actions taken during the investigation
Maintain comprehensive logs of who accessed evidence, when, and for what purpose
Document all software tools used, including version numbers and configuration settings
Create detailed reports explaining methodologies and findings
Dr. Maumita Chakraborty
University of Engineering and Management Kolkata
Forensic Science
Involves the application of the natural, physical and social sciences to matters of law.
Proper investigation, collection, preservation of evidence are essential for fact-finding and ensuring proper evaluation and interpretation of evidence. Evidence must be collected in such a manner to maintain its integrity and prevent loss, contamination or deleterious change.
Chain of custody:
Process whereby investigators preserve evidence throughout the life of a case. Includes information about: who collected the evidence, the manner in which the evidence was collected, and all the individuals who took possession of the evidence after its collection and date and time on which such possession took place.
Computer Forensics
Process of methodically examining computer media (hard disks, tapes etc.) for evidence.
Collection, preservation, analysis and presentation of computer-related evidence.
Also referred to as computer forensic analysis, electronic discovery, electronic evidence discovery, digital discovery, data recovery, data discovery, computer analysis and computer examination.
Can be useful in criminal cases, civil disputes, and human resources.
Types of Computer Forensics
Disk Forensics: It deals with extracting raw data from the primary or secondary storage of the device by searching active, modified, or deleted files.
Network Forensics: It is a sub-branch of Computer Forensics that involves monitoring and analyzing the computer network traffic.
Database Forensics: It deals with the study and examination of databases and their related metadata.
Malware Forensics: It deals with the identification of suspicious code and studying viruses, worms, etc.
Email Forensics: It deals with emails and their recovery and analysis, including deleted emails, calendars, and contacts.
Memory Forensics: Deals with collecting data from system memory (system registers, cache, RAM) in raw form and then analyzing it for further investigation.
Mobile Phone Forensics: It mainly deals with the examination and analysis of phones and smartphones and helps to retrieve contacts, call logs, incoming, and outgoing SMS, etc., and other data present in it.
Characteristics
Identification: Identifying what evidence is present, where it is stored, and how it is stored (in which format). Electronic devices can be personal computers, Mobile phones, PDAs, etc.
Preservation: Data is isolated, secured, and preserved. It includes prohibiting unauthorized personnel from using the digital device so that digital evidence, mistakenly or purposely, is not tampered with and making a copy of the original evidence.
Analysis: Forensic lab personnel reconstruct fragments of data and draw conclusions based on evidence.
Documentation: A record of all the visible data is created. It helps in recreating and reviewing the crime scene. All the findings from the investigations are documented.
Presentation: All the documented findings are produced in a court of law for further investigations.
Use in Law Enforcement
Recovering deleted files such as documents, graphics and photos.
Searching unallocated space on hard drive, where abundance of data often resides.
Tracing artifacts, tidbits of data left behind by the operating system.
Processing hidden files – files that are not visible or accessible to the user that contain past usage information.
Running a string search for e-mail, where no e-mail client is obvious.
Assistance to Human Resources
Computers can contain evidence in many types of human resources proceedings.
Includes sexual harassment suits, allegations of discrimination, and wrongful termination claims.
Digital Forensic
Branch of cybersecurity focused on the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices and cybercrimes.
Deals with all devices that store digital data.
Crucial aspect of law enforcement agencies and businesses.
Concerned with the identification, preservation, examination and analysis of digital evidence, using scientifically accepted and validated processes, to be used in and outside of a court of law.
Purpose of digital forensics: Criminal cases, Civil cases and also for private investigations.
What is Digital Forensic Used For?
Used in both criminal and private investigations.
Associated with criminal law where evidence is collected to support or negate a hypothesis before the court.
Collected evidence used as part of intelligence gathering, or to locate, identify or halt other crimes.
In civil cases, digital forensics may help with electronic discovery. Eg.- Following unauthorized network intrusion. A forensic examiner will try to understand the nature and extent of the attack as well as to identify the attacker.
Process of Digital Forensic Investigation
Consists of four stages:
Seizure: Prior to actual examination, digital media is seized. In criminal cases, this will be performed by law enforcement personnel to preserve the chain of custody.
Acquisition:
A forensic duplicate of the data is created using a hard drive duplicator or software imaging tool, then the original drive is returned to a secure storage to prevent tampering.
The acquired image is verified with SHA-1 or MD5 hash functions and will be verified again throughout analysis to verify the evidence is still in its original state.
Analysis:
Files are analyzed to identify evidence to support or contradict a hypothesis.
The forensic analyst usually recovers evidence material using a number of methods (and tools), often beginning with the recovery of deleted information.
The type of data analyzed varies but will generally include email, chat logs, images, internet history and documents.
The data can be recovered from accessible disk space, deleted space or from the operating system cache.
Reporting:
The information is collated into a report that is accessible to non-technical individuals.
It may include audit information or other meta documentation.
Tools Used by Digital Forensic Examiners
Disk and data capture tools
File viewers
File analysis tools
Registry analysis tools
Internet analysis tools
Email analysis tools
Mobile device analysis tools
Mac OS analysis tools
Network Forensics tools
Database Forensics tools
Legal Considerations of Digital Forensics
Examination of digital media covered by national and international legislation.
For civil investigations, laws may restrict what can be examined.
Restrictions against network monitoring or reading personal communications are common.
Criminal investigations may be restricted by national laws that dictate how much information can be seized.
Laws dealing with digital evidence are concerned with:
Integrity: Ensuring the act of seizing and acquiring digital media does not modify the evidence.
Authenticity: Ability to confirm the integrity of information. The chain of custody from crime scene through analysis and ultimately to the court, in the form of an audit trail, is important in establishing the authenticity of evidence.
Different Branches of Digital Forensics
Computer forensics: Concerned with evidence found in computers and digital storage media.
Mobile device forensics: Focused on the recovery of digital evidence from mobile devices. It can relate to any device that has internal memory and communication ability including PDA devices, GPS devices and tablets.
Network forensics: Monitoring and analyzing computer network traffic for information gathering, legal evidence or intrusion detection.
Different Branches of Digital Forensics
Computer forensics: Concerned with evidence found in computers and digital storage media.
Mobile device forensics: Focused on the recovery of digital evidence from mobile devices. It can relate to any device that has internal memory and communication ability including PDA devices, GPS devices and tablets.
Network forensics: Monitoring and analyzing computer network traffic for information gathering, legal evidence or intrusion detection.
Forensic data analysis: Examines structured data in regards to incidents of financial crime. Aim is to discover and analyze patterns of fraudulent activities.
Database forensics: Related to databases and their related metadata.
Challenges Faced by Digital Forensics
Increasing variety of file formats and OSs hamper the development of standardized DF tools and processes.
Emergence of smart phones, utilizing encryption, renders the acquisition of digital evidence.
Technical challenges: Finding forensics evidences have been hindered by:
Different media format
Encryption
Anti-forensics
Steganography
Live acquisition and analysis
Legal challenges
Jurisdictional issue
Lack of standard legislation creates the legal challenges
Status as scientific evidence
Resource challenges
Volume of data
Time taken to acquire and analyze forensic media
To ensure to satisfied critical investigative and prosecutorial needs at all levels of government
Computer Crimes
Also known as cyber crime, e-crime, electronic crime, hi-tech crime.
An act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as hacker that illegally browses or steals a company's individual or private information.
This person or group of individuals may be malicious and destroy or corrupt the computer or data files.
Why do people commit computer crimes?
To obtain goods or money.
May be forced to do so by another person.
To prove they can do it – personal satisfaction (black hat hackers).
Out of boredom, do not care to commit a crime.
Examples of Computer Crimes
Child pornography
Copyright violation
Cracking
Cyber terrorism
Cyberbully or cyberstalking
Cybersquatting
Creating malware
Data diddling
Denial of service attack
Doxing
Espionage
Fraud
Spoofing
Typosquatting
Vandalism
Swatting
Green Graffiti
Harvesting
Human trafficking
Identity theft
Illegal sales
Intellectual property theft
IPR violation
Phishing or vishing
Ransomware
Salami slicing
Scam
Slander
Software Piracy
Spamming
Unauthorized access
Wiretapping
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